Leite de amapá (Parahancornia fasciculata (Poir) Benoist): remédio e renda na floresta e na cidade

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2010Este estudo abordou a cadeia de produção e de comercialização e aspectos do consumo do látex medicinal de amapá amargoso (Parahancornia fasciculata) em Belém e Ponta de Pedras, no estado do Pará. A exemplo de muitos outros produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs), o "leite de amapá", como é localmente conhecido, não figura nas listas de agências oficiais responsáveis pelas estatísticas sobre produção e comercialização de produtos da floresta. Entretanto, o leite de amapá e seu uso no tratamento de doenças das vias respiratórias é amplamente conhecido pela população local. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo trazer à luz diversos aspectos do manejo e uso desse produto, revelando a sua importância na vida de seus produtores e consumidores. Foi utilizada a abordagem da "cadeia da produção ao consumo" partindo-se da comercialização do produto nos centros urbanos até a sua extração na floresta, estratégia que permitiu identificar os atores envolvidos em todo o processo. Consumidores e comerciantes em todos os níveis foram entrevistados. Com os extrativistas do produto foram realizadas oficinas e turnês guiadas nos locais de produção. Com a participação de extrativistas foram também realizados inventários florestais para estudar aspectos da ecologia e manejo da espécie. O volume de oito mil litros de leite de amapá comercializado anualmente na região de Belém demonstra a importância da espécie, principalmente para os consumidores de baixa renda, que são maioria. A tradição secular do uso do látex também revelou-se importante fator na escolha pelo produto. Quando o volume produzido é grande, o leite é vendido diretamente aos mercados urbanos, sem intermediários. A renda obtida com o látex representa, em média, 42% da renda total do extrativismo dos 12 extrativistas que participaram da pesquisa, chegando a 92%. Em uma das áreas inventariadas, a população de árvores de P. fasciculata apresentou grande número de indivíduos e distribuição diamétrica do tipo "J-invertido" o que sugere que a espécie é do tipo clímax e se encontra, nesse local, em equilíbrio dinâmico. Em outros dois locais, entretanto, a população apresentou distribuição mais próxima da curva normal, o que indica forte perturbação do ecossistema. Nesses locais, as árvores também apresentaram número proporcionalmente maior de árvores danificadas pela exploração do látex. Entretanto, o estudo não confirmou a morte de árvores devido à exploração do produto. A utilização da faca de seringueiro para o corte do tronco é uma adaptação recente introduzida pelos extrativistas e provoca significativamente menor dano e permite cicatrização mais rápida do tronco. Além de reduzir as perdas de látex em relação ao uso do facão, reduz o tempo entre duas extrações seguidas. A melhoria na técnica de extração do látex revela que os extrativistas têm conhecimento da anatomia da árvore. O leite de amapá é um produto florestal cuja extração pode ser manejada visando a sua produção sustentável, ao contrário da exploração da madeira da árvore, outro uso competitivo da espécie. O presente estudo revelou que o leite de amapá tem significativo impacto na vida de pessoas da floresta, de comerciantes e de consumidores nos centros urbanos. Possivelmente, entretanto, é somente um dos casos de centenas de PFNMs que têm importância regional, seja na geração de renda seja na oferta de fitoterápicos acessíveis à população de baixa renda, mas que continua invisível às agências governamentais.This study investigated the production and trade chain as well as aspects of the consumption of the medicinal latex from "amapá-amargoso" in the municipalities of Belém and Ponta de Pedras, Pará State, Brazil. Like many other non-timber forest products (NTFPs), the "amapá milk", as it is locally known, does not figure in the official statistics on forest products. However, the medicine is largely known and used by the local population to treat respiratory diseases. This study was then designed to investigate the several aspects related to the management and use of the product, revealing is importance to the life of producers and consumers. The approach used was the "production to consumption chain", departing from its retailing in urban areas to its extraction in the forest, a strategy that allowed to identify the stakeholders involved in the whole process. Consumers, traders and retailers were interviewed. Workshops and guided visits were done with the extractivists at the production sites. Extractivists participated also in the forest inventories done to study aspects of the ecology and management of the species. The volume of eight thousand liters of amapá milk commercialized annually in the Belém region demonstrates the importance of the species, mainly for the low income consumers, who are the majority. The secular tradition in using the latex also revealed to be an important factor for consumers choice for the product. In cases where the volume produced is large, the milk is sold directly to the urban markets, with no middlemen. The revenue from the latex represents, in average, 42% of the total income from the extractivism, but it may reach 92%. In one the inventoried areas, the population of P. fasciculata trees presented a large number of individuals and a "J-shaped" diameter distribution, which suggests that it is a climax species and it is in dynamic equilibrium in the site. In two other sites, however, the populations present distribution closer to a normal shaped curve, indicating a strong disturbance. In these sites, there was also a large proportion of trees with damaged trunks caused by latex extraction. However, we were not able to affirm the damage caused by latex exploitation leads to the death of the tree. The use of rubber tapper knife was recently introduced by the extractivists and causes less damage to the trunk in addition to allow its quicker recovery. In addition to reduce loss of latex in relation to the use of a machete, the knife also reduces the interval between successive extractions. The improvement of the tapper technique reveals that the extractivists have knowledge on the tree anatomy. The amapá milk is a forest product whose extraction can be managed aiming at a sustainable production, in opposition to the exploitation of the tree timber, another competitive use for the species. This study revealed that the amapá milk has a significant impact on the lives of forest peoples, traders and consumers in urban areas. Possibly, however, it is only one among hundreds of cases of NTFPs which have regional importance, either providing income either offering medicines accessible by low income population, but remains invisible to the governmental agencies

Women in the wake: expanding the legacy of Chico Mendes in Brazil’s environmental movement

Since the death of Chico Mendes three decades ago, nearly half of the Amazon forest area has been conserved through the collective sacrifice and struggle of thousands of forest-reliant families in Brazil, twined with political will and dense scientific and technical capacity. The key position that once marginalized, rural women have played in this struggle, however, is often obscured. This paper describes the role of women, some eminent and others lesser known, in the conservation movement inspired by Chico Mendes in Brazil. Thirty years ago, women were not permitted to be union members; today, 40% of the National Council of Extractivist Populations (CNS) leadership is female, and 25% of conservation units are led by women. Brazilian women occupy positions across the full spectrum of politics from grassroots to crucial positions in government, unions and civil society organizations. As women have gained power, they have also become targets. Of the 818 assassinations recorded by the Comissão Pastoral da Terra” (CPT) between 1997 and 2017, 7% have been women. Their deaths have not been forgotten. During 2017’s March of the Margaridas, in support of women’s rights and in remembrance of those who have died for the cause, an estimated one hundred thousand women have participated. Since Mendes’ death, the movement to conserve forests and secure land for smallholders in Brazil has not abated, but grown and evolved through cross-sectoral collaborations, intergenerational exchange, strategic advocacy across vast geographic areas, and shared bonds born of struggle. The paper highlights the vital role of women in expanding and concretizing a globally significant forest conservation movement sparked by a man with a vision

The market of cumaru nuts (Dipteryx odorata) in the State of Pará, Brazil

O presente artigo analisou o mercado de amêndoas de semente de cumaru (Dipteryx odorada (Aubl.) Willd.) no estado do Pará na safra de 2005. As informações secundárias foram obtidas através do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE e do sistema de informação Aliceweb, do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior. As informações primárias da cadeia foram obtidas através de entrevistas com os agentes envolvidos na comercialização. Os resultados mostram que atualmente os principais países importadores são o Japão, França, Alemanha e China. Aproximadamente 2.700 famílias estão envolvidas no extrativismo de cumaru em todo os estado. As Margens Brutas foram, respectivamente, 20,0 e 15,0% (paras os dois grupos de atravessadores), 33,3 e 46,7%. Já a Markup foi de 75,0% para os atravessadores, 166,7% para as empresas exportadoras do interior e 233,3% para as empresas atacadistas em Belém. No total o Markup foi de 500,0%. O preço do quilo da amêndoa variou de R$3,00 para os extrativistas até R$ 18,00 para as empresas atacadistas. Também foi possível averiguar que os responsáveis pelo maior acréscimo de preço no produto são as empresas exportadoras, o que gera ganhos desproporcionais ao longo da cadeia.Palavras-chave: Cadeia produtiva; cumaru; extrativismo. AbstractThe market of cumaru nuts (Dipteryx odorata) in the State of Pará, Brazil. The study aimed to present the results of a market study of cumaru nuts in the State of Pará, for the 2005 harvest. The data used in the research were obtained at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the exportation information system of the Ministry of Developing, Industry and Foreign Commerce (Aliceweb). The gross profit was R$3.00, R$ 2.25, and R$7.00/ kg. But the markup was 75.0$ 3.00 for the collectors to R$18.00/kg for the wholesale companies. It was observed that the major additions to the product price were imposed by the exporting companies, which generate unequal gains within the chain. There are approximately 2.700 families involved in cumaru nuts collection that are exported mainly to Japan, France, Germany and China.Keywords: Suplly chain; cumaru; extractvism.The study aimed to present the results of a market study of cumaru nuts in the State of Pará, for the 2005 harvest. The data used in the research were obtained at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the exportation information system of the Ministry of Developing, Industry and Foreign Commerce (Aliceweb). The gross profit was R$ 3.00, R$2.25, and R$ 7.00/ kg. But the markup was 75.0% for the intermediary, 166.7% for the interior wholesale companies, and 233.3% for the wholesale companies from Belém, the State capital. The total markup from the beginning to the end of the market chain was approximately 500%. The price of the nut ranged from R$3.00 for the collectors to R$ 18.00/kg for the wholesale companies. It was observed that the major additions to the product price were imposed by the exporting companies, which generate unequal gains within the chain. There are approximately 2.700 families involved in cumaru nuts collection that are exported mainly to Japan, France, Germany and China

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Measurement of the J/ψ pair production cross-section in pp collisions at s=13 \sqrt{s}=13 TeV

The production cross-section of J/ψ pairs is measured using a data sample of pp collisions collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 279 ±11 pb$^{−1}$. The measurement is performed for J/ψ mesons with a transverse momentum of less than 10 GeV/c in the rapidity range 2.0 < y < 4.5. The production cross-section is measured to be 15.2 ± 1.0 ± 0.9 nb. The first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. The differential cross-sections as functions of several kinematic variables of the J/ψ pair are measured and compared to theoretical predictions.The production cross-section of $J/\psi$ pairs is measured using a data sample of $pp$ collisions collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13 \,{\mathrm{TeV}}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $279 \pm 11 \,{\mathrm{pb^{-1}}}$. The measurement is performed for $J/\psi$ mesons with a transverse momentum of less than $10 \,{\mathrm{GeV}}/c$ in the rapidity range $2.0<y<4.5$. The production cross-section is measured to be $15.2 \pm 1.0 \pm 0.9 \,{\mathrm{nb}}$. The first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. The differential cross-sections as functions of several kinematic variables of the $J/\psi$ pair are measured and compared to theoretical predictions

Measurement of the B0s→μ+μ− Branching Fraction and Effective Lifetime and Search for B0→μ+μ− Decays

A search for the rare decays Bs0→μ+μ- and B0→μ+μ- is performed at the LHCb experiment using data collected in pp collisions corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 4.4  fb-1. An excess of Bs0→μ+μ- decays is observed with a significance of 7.8 standard deviations, representing the first observation of this decay in a single experiment. The branching fraction is measured to be B(Bs0→μ+μ-)=(3.0±0.6-0.2+0.3)×10-9, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The first measurement of the Bs0→μ+μ- effective lifetime, τ(Bs0→μ+μ-)=2.04±0.44±0.05  ps, is reported. No significant excess of B0→μ+μ- decays is found, and a 95% confidence level upper limit, B(B0→μ+μ-)<3.4×10-10, is determined. All results are in agreement with the standard model expectations.A search for the rare decays $B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-$ and $B^0\to\mu^+\mu^-$ is performed at the LHCb experiment using data collected in $pp$ collisions corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 4.4 fb$^{-1}$. An excess of $B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decays is observed with a significance of 7.8 standard deviations, representing the first observation of this decay in a single experiment. The branching fraction is measured to be ${\cal B}(B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-)=\left(3.0\pm 0.6^{+0.3}_{-0.2}\right)\times 10^{-9}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The first measurement of the $B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-$ effective lifetime, $\tau(B^0_s\to\mu^+\mu^-)=2.04\pm 0.44\pm 0.05$ ps, is reported. No significant excess of $B^0\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decays is found and a 95 % confidence level upper limit, ${\cal B}(B^0\to\mu^+\mu^-)<3.4\times 10^{-10}$, is determined. All results are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations

Measurements of prompt charm production cross-sections in pp collisions at s=5 \sqrt{s}=5 TeV

Production cross-sections of prompt charm mesons are measured using data from $pp$ collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of $5\,$TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $8.60\pm0.33\,$pb$^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The production cross-sections of $D^0$, $D^+$, $D_s^+$, and $D^{*+}$ mesons are measured in bins of charm meson transverse momentum, $p_{\text{T}}$, and rapidity, $y$. They cover the rapidity range $2.0 < y < 4.5$ and transverse momentum ranges $0 < p_{\text{T}} < 10\, \text{GeV}/c$ for $D^0$ and $D^+$ and $1 < p_{\text{T}} < 10\, \text{GeV}/c$ for $D_s^+$ and $D^{*+}$ mesons. The inclusive cross-sections for the four mesons, including charge-conjugate states, within the range of $1 < p_{\text{T}} < 8\, \text{GeV}/c$ are determined to be \begin{equation*} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^0 X) = 1190 \pm 3 \pm 64\,\mu\text{b} \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^+ X) = 456 \pm 3 \pm 34\,\mu\text{b} \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D_s^+ X) = 195 \pm 4 \pm 19\,\mu\text{b} \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^{*+} X)= 467 \pm 6 \pm 40\,\mu\text{b} \end{equation*} where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.Production cross-sections of prompt charm mesons are measured using data from pp collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 5 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 8.60 ± 0.33 pb$^{−1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The production cross-sections of D$^{0}$, D$^{+}$, D$_{s}^{+}$ , and D$^{∗+}$ mesons are measured in bins of charm meson transverse momentum, p$_{T}$, and rapidity, y. They cover the rapidity range 2.0 < y < 4.5 and transverse momentum ranges 0 < p$_{T}$ < 10 GeV/c for D$^{0}$ and D$^{+}$ and 1 < p$_{T}$ < 10 GeV/c for D$_{s}^{+}$ and D$^{∗+}$ mesons. The inclusive cross-sections for the four mesons, including charge-conjugate states, within the range of 1 < p$_{T}$ < 8 GeV/c are determined to be $\begin{array}{l}\sigma \left( pp\to {D}^0X\right)=1004\pm 3\pm 54\mu \mathrm{b},\\ {}\sigma \left( pp\to {D}^{+}X\right)=402\pm 2\pm 30\mu \mathrm{b},\\ {}\sigma \left( pp\to {D}_s^{+}X\right)=170\pm 4\pm 16\mu \mathrm{b},\\ {}\sigma \left( pp\to {D}^{\ast +}X\right)=421\pm 5\pm 36\mu \mathrm{b},\end{array}$ where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.Production cross-sections of prompt charm mesons are measured using data from $pp$ collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of $5\,$TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $8.60\pm0.33\,$pb$^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The production cross-sections of $D^0$, $D^+$, $D_s^+$, and $D^{*+}$ mesons are measured in bins of charm meson transverse momentum, $p_{\text{T}}$, and rapidity, $y$. They cover the rapidity range $2.0<y<4.5$ and transverse momentum ranges $0 < p_{\text{T}} < 10\, \text{GeV}/c$ for $D^0$ and $D^+$ and $1 < p_{\text{T}} < 10\, \text{GeV}/c$ for $D_s^+$ and $D^{*+}$ mesons. The inclusive cross-sections for the four mesons, including charge-conjugate states, within the range of $1 < p_{\text{T}} < 8\, \text{GeV}/c$ are determined to be \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^0 X) = 1004 \pm 3 \pm 54\,\mu\text{b} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^+ X) = 402 \pm 2 \pm 30\,\mu\text{b} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D_s^+ X) = 170 \pm 4 \pm 16\,\mu\text{b} \sigma(pp\rightarrow D^{*+} X)= 421 \pm 5 \pm 36\,\mu\text{b} where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively